Physicists explain and eliminate unknown forces dragging water droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces

Microscopic cracks that form a sea of ​​conical, jagged peaks dot the surface of a material called black silicon. While black silicon is common in solar cell technology, it can also be used as a tool to study the physics of water droplet behavior.

Black silicon is a superhydrophobic material, meaning it repels water. Due to the unique surface tension properties of water, water droplets slide through textured materials such as black silicon through the gaps in the thin air film trapped underneath. This method works very well when the water droplets are moving slowly – they glide smoothly.

But as the drop moves faster, there seems to be some unknown force pulling on its lower belly. This has baffled physicists, but now a team of researchers from Aalto University and ESPCI Paris has an explanation, and they have the data to back it up.

Matilda Backholm, Assistant Professor at Aalto University, is the first author of a paper detailing these findings, published April 15 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. She conducted this research while working as a postdoctoral researcher in Professor Robin Ras’ Soft Matter and Wetting Group in the Department of Applied Physics.

“When looking at water surface interactions, there are typically three forces at play: contact line friction, viscous losses, and air resistance. However, a fourth force is created by the motion of droplets on highly smooth surfaces such as black silicon. . This movement actually creates a shearing effect on the air below, which creates a drag-like force on the droplet itself. This shearing force has never been explained before, and we were the first to discover it. “Buckholm said.

It turns out that the complex interactions of fluid and soft matter physics are difficult to reduce to ready-made formulas. But Backholm succeeded in developing a technique to measure these tiny forces, explain how the forces work, and ultimately provide a solution to eliminate drag altogether.

air shear effect

Creating better superhydrophobic surfaces will make the world’s transportation systems more aerodynamic, medical devices more sterile, and generally improve the smoothness of anything that requires a waterproof surface.

Black silicon uses the specific surface tension of water to minimize contact between water droplets and the surface. Cones etched into the substrate allow water droplets to slide across the air-film space, called the plastron. But counterintuitively, the same mechanism that allows hydrophobic surfaces to deflect water droplets also causes the shear effects outlined in Backholm’s paper.

“The field has been making these ultra-smooth surfaces by reducing the length scale of the cones, making them smaller and richer. But no one stopped to realize, ‘Hey, we’re actually working against ourselves here.’ In fact, etching shorter cones on the black silicon surface creates a greater air shear effect,” said Backholm.

Other researchers have noticed the existence of this force but have been unable to explain it. Backholm’s discovery prompted a rethinking of how ultra-slippery surfaces are designed. Her team’s solution was to add taller cones with textured caps on the black silicon surface to further minimize the total contact surface area of ​​the droplets.

“This work builds on the Soft Matter and Wetting research group’s extensive expertise on the topic of superhydrophobic surfaces. There are few opportunities to fully explain the subtleties of the microscopic forces involved in wetting dynamics, but this paper Did that,” Russ said.

Professional skills

Backholm used a unique micropipette measurement technique to measure the force acting on the water droplets. She is an expert in these micropipette force sensors, having used them to measure the growth dynamics of plant roots, to scrutinize the swimming behavior of shrimp schools, and now to observe the force of moving water droplets.

After painstaking fine-tuning, she was able to use the technique to achieve a breakthrough in identifying shearing effects. Backholm oscillates the droplet and probe to detect subtle pulling forces below.

“We also ruled out the possibility of any other forces at the contact line by performing the same tests on carbonated droplets. These droplets are constantly releasing carbon dioxide, causing them to float slightly above the surface on which they sit. Nonetheless, The shear effect was measured at certain velocities, conclusively confirming that the force acts independently of its contact with the black silicon surface,” says Backholm.

Backholm expects these findings will further help physicists and engineers develop better-performing hydrophobic surfaces.